Silver Star
| Silver Star | |
|---|---|
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| Awarded by United States armed forces | |
| Type | Medal |
| Awarded for | "Gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States" |
| Status | Currently awarded |
| Statistics | |
| First awarded | 1932 |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Distinguished Service Cross, Navy Cross, Air Force Cross Distinguished Service Medals: Defense, Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard |
| Next (lower) | Defense Superior Service Medal |
 Silver Star ribbon |
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The Silver Star is the third-highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of any branch of the United States armed forces for valor in the face of the enemy.
The Silver Star is awarded for gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States not justifying one of the two higher awards - the service crosses (Distinguished Service Cross, the Navy Cross, or the Air Force Cross), the second-highest military decoration, or the Medal of Honor, the highest decoration. The Silver Star may be awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the armed forces, distinguishes himself or herself by extraordinary heroism involving one of the following actions:
- In action against an enemy of the United States
- While engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force
- While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party
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General information
The Silver Star differs from the service crosses in that it requires a lesser degree of gallantry and need not be earned while in a position of great responsibility.
Air Force pilots are often considered eligible to receive a Silver Star upon becoming an ace (having five or more confirmed kills), which entails the pilot intentionally and successfully risking his life multiple times under combat conditions and emerging victorious.[1]
Soldiers who received a Citation Star for gallantry in action during World War I were eligible to apply to have the citation converted to the Silver Star. (see below)
The Valorous Unit Award is considered the unit level equivalent of a Silver Star.
History
The Silver Star is the successor decoration to the Citation Star which was established by an Act of Congress on July 9, 1918. On July 19, 1932, the Secretary of War approved the Silver Star to replace the Citation Star. The original Citation Star is incorporated into the center of the Silver Star, and the ribbon for the Silver Star is based closely on the Certificate of Merit Medal.
Authorization for the Silver Star was placed into law by an Act of Congress for the U.S. Navy on August 7, 1942 and an Act of Congress for the U.S. Army on December 15, 1942. The current statutory authorization for the Silver Star is Title 10 of the United States Code (10 U.S.C. § 3746).
The Department of Defense does not keep extensive records of Silver Star awards. Independent groups estimate that between 100,000 and 150,000 Silver Stars have been awarded since the award was established.[2] Colonel David Hackworth is the record holder for most Silver Stars awarded to a single person. He earned ten Silver Stars for service in the Korean War and the Vietnam War, in addition to two Distinguished Service Crosses.
Appearance
The Silver Star is a gold five-pointed star, 1 1/2 inches (38 mm) in circumscribing diameter with a laurel wreath encircling rays from the center and a 3/16 inch (5 mm) diameter silver star superimposed in the center. The pendant is suspended from a rectangular shaped metal loop with rounded corners. The reverse has the inscription "FOR GALLANTRY IN ACTION". The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches (35 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes: 7/32 inch (6 mm) Old Glory red (center stripe); proceeding outward in pairs 7/32 inch (6 mm) white; 7/32 inch (6 mm) ultramarine blue; 3/64 inch (1 mm) white; and 3/32 inch (2 mm) ultramarine blue.
Additional decorations of the Silver Star are denoted by oak leaf clusters in the Army and Air Force and by award stars in the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps.
Female recipients
In 1944, four nurses serving in World War II - First Lieutenant Mary Roberts, Second Lieutenant Elaine Roe, Second Lieutenant Rita Virginia Rourke, and Second Lieutenant Ellen Ainsworth (posthumous) - became the first female recipients of the Silver Star, all cited for their bravery in successfully evacuating the 33rd Field Hospital at Anzio, Italy on February 10.
The four nurses remained the sole female recipients of the Silver Star until Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester was awarded the Silver Star in 2005 for gallantry during an insurgent ambush on a convoy in Iraq. Three nurses who had served in World War I were posthumously awarded the Silver Star in 2007. Army Specialist Monica Lin Brown was awarded the Silver Star in March 2008 for actions in the War in Afghanistan.[3]
Notable recipients
Notable recipients include:
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See also
- Central Intelligence Agency's Intelligence Star
Notes
- ↑ Korean War pilot receives Silver Star 56 years later. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ↑ Home of Heroes: Silver Star Medal. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ↑ Abrashi, Fisnik. "Medic Stationed in Afghanistan Becomes 2nd Woman to Be Awarded Silver Star". Associated Press. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,336259,00.html.
References
- "Silver Star". The Institute of Heraldry, United States Army. http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Awards/SILVER%20STAR1.html. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
- "Facts Sheets: Silver Star". Air Force Personnel Center. http://www.afpc.randolph.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=7729. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
External links
- "United States Armed Forces Awards, Decorations, Campaign & Service Medals". The Institute of Heraldry, United States Army. http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Awards/Ribbons/OrderofPrecedence.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
- "Awards and Decorations". Air Force Personnel Center. http://www.afpc.randolph.af.mil/library/awards/index.asp. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
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Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal
Defense Distinguished Service
Defense Superior Service
Defense Meritorious Service
Joint Service Commendation
Joint Service Achievement
Joint Meritorious Unit
National Defense Service Medal
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
Humanitarian Service Medal
Outstanding Volunteer Service
Armed Forces Service Medal
Armed Forces Reserve
POW
Antarctica Service
Korean Service
Korea Defense Service
Vietnam Service
Southwest Asia Service
Kosovo Campaign
Afghanistan Campaign Medal
Iraq Campaign Medal
GWOT Expeditionary Medal
GWOT Service Medal